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A rhetoric of motives, by Kenneth Burke
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As critic, Kenneth Burke's preoccupations were at the beginning purely esthetic and literary; but after Counter-Statement (1931), he began to discriminate a "rhetorical" or persuasive component in literature, and thereupon became a philosopher of language and human conduct.
In A Grammar of Motives (1945) and A Rhetoric of Motives (1950), Burke's conception of "symbolic action" comes into its own: all human activities—linguisitc or extra-linguistic—are modes of symbolizing; man is defined as the symbol-using (and -misusing) animal. The critic's job becomes one of the interpreting human symbolizing wherever he finds it, with the aim of illuminating human motivation. Thus the reach of the literary critic now extends to the social and ethical.
A Grammar of Motives is a "methodical meditation" on such complex linguistic forms as plays, stories, poems, theologies, metaphysical systems, political philosophies, constitutions. A Rhetoric of Motives expands the field to human ways of persuasion and identification. Persuasion, as Burke sees it, "ranges from the bluntest quest of advantage, as in sales promotion or propaganda, through courtship, social etiquette, education, and the sermon, to a 'pure' form that delights in the process of appeal for itself alone, without ulterior purpose. And identification ranges from the politician who, addressing an audience of farmers, says, 'I was a farm boy myself,' through the mysteries of social status, to the mystic's devout identification with the sources of all being."
- Sales Rank: #4748170 in Books
- Published on: 1952
- Dimensions: 2.00 pounds
- Binding: Hardcover
- 340 pages
From the Inside Flap
"The system is a coherent and total vision, a self-contained and internally consistent way of viewing man, the various scenes in which he lives, and the drama of human relations enacted upon those scenes."—W. H. Rueckert, Kenneth Burke and the Drama of Human Relations
About the Author
Kenneth Burke has been termed "simply the finest literary critic in the world, and perhaps the finest since Coleridge" (Stanley Edgar Hyman, The New Leader). Mr. Burke has published ten other works with the University of California Press: Towards a Better Life (1966); Language as Symbolic Action: Essays on Life, Literature, and Method (1966) Collected Poems, 1915-1967 (1968); The Complete White Oxen: Collected Short Fiction of Kenneth Burke (1968); A Grammar of Motives (1969); Permanence and Change: An Anatomy of Purpose (1984); The Philosophy of Literary Form (1974); A Rhetoric of Motives (1969); The Rhetoric of Religion: Studies in Logology (1970); and Attitudes Toward History, Third Edition (1984).
Most helpful customer reviews
0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Difficult Text, but Fundamental to My Studies
By Shiloh Mom
This book was recommended to me as part of my preparation for doctoral research. I purchased it and have slowly slogged my way through it. Kenneth Burke was a master rhetorician, so this text is not for the faint of heart. It was the perfect book to add to my growing library.
21 of 21 people found the following review helpful.
How to read Burke for those interested in rhetoric
By zach
First things first: I've been reading Burke as an undergrad, and make no claim to understand the whole of his thought. I won't go into any long-winded, ego-massaging philosophical critique: I'll save that for a term paper. But I do have some ideas about reading him that might help dispel other reviewers' claims that Burke is either obscure or unimportant. Anyone interested in rhetoric should find Burke at least interesting, and, if you plan to study rhetoric, there's no getting around him. This is mainly for other undergrads like myself (or anyone) coming to Burke for the first time.
-Read his Grammar of Motives first or alongside the Rhetoric. This lays out the "dramtistic pentad"(the combinations of act, scene, agent, agency, purpose), which is basically Burke's shorthand for any one combination of social relations with others or environment. For example, if one acts under certain conditions, such an act would be considered under the "act-scene ratio." These formulations of the combination (hence "Grammar") of relationships are largely implicit in the Rhetoric, but once you have the pentad down you won't have too many problems recognizing the structure of a given argument in the Rhetoric. (If helps, you might consider the fact that Burke wanted to create a modern "trivium"-- grammar, rhetoric, logic-- updated for the linguistic turn, thus substituting the symbolic for logic (we encounter the world through symbols, not strict reasoned arguments... but back to more important matters:)
-His idea of "identification" is key: Burke defines rhetoric by this term, not by persuasion (although persuasion is implied in identification... read about it for yourself), and most of his most abstract stuff stems the consideration of an agent identifying with someone/something else. As said before, the pentad lays the groundwork for identification, so keep this in mind.
-The roots of his epistemological critique originate from his critique of substance, the essential make-up of an agent, argument, etc. If you've missed the section "Paradox of Substance" in the Grammar, then you'll be lost.
-His argumentative style is anecdotal: he'll take a given topic (Hitler, for instance) and analyze it accordingly. This can make the reading seem disjointed, but it should cohere if you see that Burke is just applying his basic argument to a wide array of topics. I can see where this could get annoying if you already know what he's talking about (he does love to elaborate on one general theme with multiple examples for pages at a time), but for me it often clarified what I didn't understand before in the more abstract parts. He never assumes you'll come up with examples on your own, which for a student is a good thing, I think.
-This is the groundwork, like the Grammar was for the Rhetoric, for the Symbolic, which was never written. So if he seems terse on the "symbol-using animal" thing, that's why.
In other words, Burke wasn't a one-book kind of guy. His thought is scattered across multiple books, but this does not mean it's scattered thought.
So, those are just some helpful tips that have helped at least one undergrad. I hope Burke comes across as less an obstacle than someone the works of whom are both rewarding and enjoyable to read (unlike so much of modern theory).
Just one note: it was mentioned in one the arguments below that Burke was some sort of postmodern irrationalist. His epigraph to the Grammar is "ad bellum purificandum"-- "towards the purification of war." Meaning, of course, getting rid of it, because for Burke there is no such thing as a pure substance (again, read about that...). He seems to want to take the messy world of symbols that we use and make them more readily understandable in their functions, and thus more controllable.
Seems rational to me.
43 of 46 people found the following review helpful.
Kenneth Burke's developing concept of Symbolic Action
By Lawrance Bernabo
"A Rhetoric of Motives" was published in 1950, five years after "A Grammar of Motives," the first volume of a planned trilogy "On Human Relations" that was never officially completed. Having established the critical vocabulary of the dramatistic pentad in the first volume, this second work explores how all forms of human activities, whether linguistic or not, are modes of symbolizing. Specifically, Burke focuses on the relationship between persuasion and identification (hence, the focus on rhetoric rather than grammar). This is where his definition of man as the symbol-using/misusing animal comes into play. Within this context, the goal of the critic is to interpret human symbolizing in whatever arena it can be found (which necessarily means all human interactions) in order to explain human motivations.
Part I "The Range of Rhetoric" sets up the key Burkeian concepts of Identification and Consubstantiality. Part II "Traditional Principles of Rhetoric" reworks those concepts into Burke's framework, using diverse texts from Dante and Machiavelli to Carlyle and Rochefoucauld to support the analysis. Part III on "Order" develops positive, dialectical and ultimate terms to establish the idea of forms that are paradigmatic of the rhetorical process as well as those that are better termed caricatures. Students of rhetoric and social theory should certainly read "A Grammar of Motives" before making their way through this volume, although a thorough appreciation of Burke would require starting with his pre-war "trilogy" of "Counter-Statement," "Permanence and Change," and "Attitudes Towards History." That middle volume is especially important in light of Burke's argument in "A Rhetoric of Motives."
Burke never wrote "A Symbolic of Motives," which was to complete the trilogy. Both "Language As Symbolic Action" and "A Rhetoric of Religion" are sometimes represented as the third volume in some embryonic form, which is about as valid as such considerations can go. My argument would be that Burke's earlier works are much better sources of enlightenment and inspiration than either of those particular volumes.
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