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Engineers of Jihad: The Curious Connection between Violent Extremism and Education, by Diego Gambetta, Steffen Hertog
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The violent actions of a few extremists can alter the course of history, yet there persists a yawning gap between the potential impact of these individuals and what we understand about them. In Engineers of Jihad, Diego Gambetta and Steffen Hertog uncover two unexpected facts, which they imaginatively leverage to narrow that gap: they find that a disproportionate share of Islamist radicals come from an engineering background, and that Islamist and right-wing extremism have more in common than either does with left-wing extremism, in which engineers are absent while social scientists and humanities students are prominent.
Searching for an explanation, they tackle four general questions about extremism: Under which socioeconomic conditions do people join extremist groups? Does the profile of extremists reflect how they self-select into extremism or how groups recruit them? Does ideology matter in sorting who joins which group? Lastly, is there a mindset susceptible to certain types of extremism?
Using rigorous methods and several new datasets, they explain the link between educational discipline and type of radicalism by looking at two key factors: the social mobility (or lack thereof) for engineers in the Muslim world, and a particular mindset seeking order and hierarchy that is found more frequently among engineers. Engineers' presence in some extremist groups and not others, the authors argue, is a proxy for individual traits that may account for the much larger question of selective recruitment to radical activism.
Opening up markedly new perspectives on the motivations of political violence, Engineers of Jihad yields unexpected answers about the nature and emergence of extremism.
- Sales Rank: #655538 in eBooks
- Published on: 2016-03-01
- Released on: 2016-03-01
- Format: Kindle eBook
Review
"This is an important study. . . . The wealth of statistical data they bring to bear provides what was once a hypothesis with solid empirical grounding."--Malise Ruthven, Financial Times
"[A]n interesting and important book. . . . Definitely recommended."--Tyler Cowen, Marginal Revolution
"That's really good work, and they deserve credit for that observation. . . . It is thrilling and intriguing as a theoretical issue."--Jeffrey I. Victoroff, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Chronicle of Higher Education
"Wonderful."--Jacob N. Shapiro, Princeton University, Chronicle of Higher Education
"[They] really help us refine our understanding of what the risk factors are."--Jessica Stern, Boston University Pardee School of Global Studies, Chronicle of Higher Education
"Data-driven and carefully constructed."--John Waterbury, Foreign Affairs
"Intriguing. . . . There's a clear need to try and understand the motivation for this breed of terrorism that Gambetta and Hertog address in a thorough way that avoids alarmism."--Dominic Lenton, Engineering & Technology
"Opening up markedly new perspectives on the motivations of political violence, Engineers of Jihad yields unexpected answers about the nature and emergence of extremism."--Islam and Muslim Societies
From the Back Cover
"This magnificent treatise combines a deep concern for one of the grave problems of our age--the recruitment of jihadists intent on terrorizing the world--with a Sherlock Holmes approach to a solution. Arthur Conan Doyle might have named the story--had this been fiction--'the case of the engineers who barked too loudly.' As readers discover 'who dunnit' and why, they learn to separate popular myths about Islamic terrorism from what makes jihadists tick."--David D. Laitin, Stanford University
"Engineers of Jihad should take a front-and-center position on the bookshelves of anyone trying to understand jihad in the context of radicalization--Diego Gambetta and Steffen Hertog have clearly made an invaluable contribution at a pivotal time in history."--Raphael Perl, executive director of the Partnership for Peace Consortium of Defense Academies and Security Studies Institutes
"This book offers a detailed analysis of the curious overrepresentation of engineers in militant Islamist groups and presents a line of inquiry that is new to the field--namely the study of the relationship between political inclinations and personality traits. The book's originality, sharp focus, and analytical rigor set it apart, and it is likely to become a classic on radical political activism."--Thomas Hegghammer, Norwegian Defence Research Establishment
"Why do so many members of violent radical Islamic groups have an engineering background? This book offers new data, interpretations, and explanations of recruitment to violent radical Islamic groups. Engaging and informative, it makes a significant contribution to the study of terrorism."--Scott Gates, Peace Research Institute Oslo (PRIO) and University of Oslo
About the Author
Diego Gambetta is professor of social theory at the European University Institute, Florence, and official fellow of Nuffield College at the University of Oxford. His books include The Sicilian Mafia and Codes of the Underworld (Princeton). Steffen Hertog is associate professor of comparative politics at the London School of Economics. He is the author of Princes, Brokers, and Bureaucrats.
Most helpful customer reviews
0 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
Very impressive
By JBA
This is a fascinating book. It is thought provoking, analytical rigorous, and carefully argued. It does not demystify terrorism in all of its aspects, but it certainly sheds interesting light on the problem in helpful ways.
5 of 5 people found the following review helpful.
More Education Is Not Always A Good Thing!
By Loyd Eskildson
Many Islamic radicals are better educated than their peers, and a good proportion attended college - with many becoming engineers (Mohammad Atta, Osama bin Laden). The strange part about the latter is that it is a profession we would not naturally associated with a religious movement. Not surprisingly, the authors immediately jump into providing an informal list of such individuals - over a period of decades and a wide geographic area in the Middle East.
Then, taking a more scientific and structured approach, they compile a list of 404 members of violent Islamist groups from 30 nationalities. Of that group, they found biographical information for 326 cases and educational information for 284. Of those, 26 had less than a secondary education, 62 completed secondary education (including madrasas), and 196 had higher education (at least 37 studied in Western countries). The share with higher education worked out to 69%. In 1986-87, when many of the individuals were studied, tertiary enrollment rates in the Arab world averaged 12.2%, leaving little doubt that violent Islamist radicals overall were vastly more educated than their compatriots.
The authors were also able to find the subject of study for 178 of the 196 cases engaged in higher education at some point. The second most numerous group was comprised of 34 individuals who pursued Islamic studies - not surprising. However, the group that came first was engineers - 78 out of the 178, followed by 14 in medicine, 12 in economics and business, and 7 in natural sciences. Overall, the individuals who studied for engineering, medicine, and science represented 56.7%. Among the 42 of the 78 cases for whom they could find the precise discipline, electrical, civil, and computer-related studies predominated.
The preceding pattern generalized except for Saudi Arabia (lower proportion of engineers) and Singapore/Indonesia (higher proportion). (Much less information was available regarding jihadists born/raised in the West. Again, however, engineering was overrepresented - to an even higher degree.)
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